Essay --

The United States was founded on the right to pursue happiness, just as it was founded on the right for everyone to be considered equal. According to Americas forefather’s equality is innate and the truth to this is undeniable. If our forefather’s saw the kind of equality the world was striving for in today’s society, our forefather’s would be turning over their graves. Being separated from what is socially acceptable is not always easy. When most people are being normal, are they really acting normal- or are they just pretending? There are benchmarks that society has drilled people into believing to be true. These benchmarks are inherently unrealistic expectations that people deem to be true. In the Coca-Cola commercial a girl tries many times through trial and error to look socially acceptable, after much frustration she realizes that the only way she can be happy is if she puts on clothes and makeup she’s comfortable with. Yes society is broken, but we are society so let the change begin with us. By being around people that like us for who we are, accepting our faults, and finding ourselves in society- we can learn to be ourselves. One of the most important qualities in life is being able to find peace of mind but this quality is hard to find if society is constantly following other people’s rules. In the Coca-Cola commercial the girl realizes that even though she look’s socially acceptable, she will only be happy if she wears clothes she’s comfortable with. In today’s society it’s hard to find people that go against what everyone else has conformed to, and when this is seen it makes it even more special, because it creates a chain reaction. When this occurred, the girl acquired insight and emerged as her own person, now being ... ...because that way we can be comfortable and let down out walls that expose our real personality. If we spend time trying to meet this benchmark that society tries so hard to make true- we will always be frustrated, just like how the protagonist was in the commercial. Our faults and weaknesses only make us human and are always inevitable, but when we are surrounded with people that love us for who we are, we learn that these so called â€Å"flaws† only make us unique and are at peace with who we are. Society is at fault for setting this cookie cutter image that a lot of people deem to be true, but these benchmarks are always farfetched which is why people aren’t happy with who they are trying to be. Being able to step in the world without caring what other people think is a great and empowering feeling. Because we only have one life to live- we might as well be ourselves.

Case Study Maths And Society Education Essay

AbstractionMathematicss consists of many words such as ‘whole ‘ , ‘differentiate ‘ , ‘limit ‘ and many more. It has been observed that mathematical nomenclature has a contextual significance for pupils in mundane life. This causes issues with the reading of Mathematical footings in the context of the topic and accordingly hinders the apprehension of definitions and constructs. This assignment analyses the issues with the linguistic communication used in the instruction and acquisition of Mathematicss and suggests attacks to relieve these issues. It besides explores how the issue of linguistic communication competence can favor certain pupils compared to others based on their societal background.IntroductionLanguage used in Mathematics causes deductions in the instruction and acquisition of the topic. From reflecting on my experience, I have personally found the vocabulary used in both Mathematics and mundane life difficult to grok in a Mathematical context and besides observed issues that other equals were holding with understanding the nomenclature. Additionally, I have observed in school that linguistic communication is an issue but did n't gain the extent that it could impede the acquisition of Mathematics, even for those that are able to entree written and verbal instructions. Whilst instruction, I have farther observed how linguistic communication used in Mathematics causes issues for even those that can talk English, as there are many words used in relation to the topic which are besides mundane words, that causes confusion in understanding in a Mathematics context. This assignment explores the issues of linguistic communication in the instruction and acquisition of Mathematicss and how these can favor some societal groups over others. It besides suggests how these issues can be attempted to be resolved. In my sentiment this issue is a major influence in the apprehension of Mathematics which determines overall sequence in the topic ; hence I want to research this country in more item.Literature ReviewThis reappraisal explores and discusses the issues raised by the usage of linguistic communication in the instruction and acquisition of Mathematics, and focuses particularly upon the jobs encountered by scholars, and the stairss which practicians may take t o relieve them. As Durkin points out, much of kids ‘s Mathematical instruction ‘takes place in linguistic communication ‘ ( Durkin, 1991, pg.4 ) , and even mental or intuitive dialogue of mathematical jobs by the person is necessarily embedded in mathematical semiologies. It is argued here that the troubles raised by linguistic communication in Mathematicss are multi-dimensional and can forestall scholars from understanding what is said to them, or what is given to them in the signifier of written instructions by the instructor. These troubles can impede scholars ‘ attempts in working independently, by forestalling them from accessing written instructional or text books. Since scholars are largely assessed through end product orientated signifiers of appraisal, those with linguistic communication troubles are at a disadvantage, particularly if they can non grok the inquiries. These troubles can hinder their public presentation and sabotage their assurance in trial state of affairss. Consequently, this can hold immense deductions, both for the person by harming their self-pride and the establishment, as it means that the school concerned will hold poorer overall consequences, damaging their league-table place. Additionally, nomenclature used in the course of study is invariably being altered, so practicians have to accommodate their pattern and proctor scholars ‘ demands to guarantee that pupils understand the new footings and methods.Literacy and Numeracy StandardsOn assorted degrees, underperformance in literacy can even hold an enervating consequence on rather able mathematicians at cardinal points in their educational calling. As Clarkson indicates, the inability to read texts at the velocity required in trial scenarios provides a cardinal illustration of this ( Clarkson, 1991, pg.240 ) . Students that find it difficult to construe the inquiry or take clip to work out what is required, may cognize how to calculate the reply to the job but are restricted from replying all inquiries and completing the paper due to clip restraint. Alternatively, they may cognize a mathematical construct but can non reply the inquiry because it is phrased otherwise. For illustration, a pupil may be able to reply ‘multiply 4 and 6 ‘ but non ‘what is the merchandise of 4 and 6 ‘ as they may non cognize that ‘multiply ‘ and ‘product ‘ mean the same thing. Clearly, the added force per unit area of ‘exam emphasis ‘ does non assist, even though scholars are normally given sufficient pattern before the existent event under timed conditions. The of import point here is that no sum of readying on similar jobs can take the barriers inherent in a particular or unfamiliar job. It is axiomatic that written or spoken mathematical jobs will normally show the most complex challenges for those whose literacy and numeracy accomplishments are ill aligned, or have developed unevenly. Ho wever, the troubles experienced by such scholars are non confined merely to these countries. In primary and secondary instruction, many jobs which are written about wholly in numerical signifier necessitate some signifier of presentation in non-mathematical linguistic communication, in order for the reply to be right construed. Even where no text is present within the inquiry, the scholar may still visualize either the job or reply in prose signifier. It has to be conceded nevertheless, that it is in inquiries that are wholly written or verbalised that the scholar may be unable to entree the job, hence will be incapable of using the needed operations. However, in order to assist scholars run into these challenges, practicians themselves must understand the acquisition processes which each person undergoes. It is likely that the most of import component within this is the careful monitoring and appraisal of the scholar ‘s advancement on a frequent, possibly a day-to-day or hebdomadal footing. Practitioners should be attentive of those pupils who are non lending to inqui ry and reply Sessionss, or are by and large loath to offer replies to jobs put on the board. These cases need to be addressed quickly, before the scholar falls into a regular form of behavior which is difficult to extinguish. As De Corte and Verschaffel have argued, there are five phases to be in turn implemented when work outing written jobs. First, a complex ‘text processing ‘ activity occurs, affecting the analysis of the job. Second, the topic considers the appropriate operations in order to happen the ‘unknown component ‘ in the representation, which is performed in the 3rd phase. The formulated reply is so located in the original representation, whilst in the fifth and last phase, the brooding scholar ‘verifies ‘ their solution by reexamining its feasibleness ( De Corte, E. , and Verschaffel, 1991, pg.118 ) . The overall success of this procedure is dependent upon two mutualist factors, viz. that, †¢ ‘Word jobs that are solvable utilizing the same arithmetic operation, can be described in footings of different webs of constructs and relationships†¦ ‘ †¢ Constructing an appropriate internal representation of such a conceptual web is a important facet of expertness in word job work outing. ( De Corte and Verschaffel, 1991, pg.119 ) The persons ‘ execution of these phases besides depends on whether the inquiry was constructed around a ‘change ‘ , ‘comparison ‘ , or ‘combination ‘ job. Change jobs involve altering the value of a measure due to an event or state of affairs, combination jobs relate to measures that are considered either individually or together and comparing jobs are the comparings or differences between sums ( De Corte and Verschaffel, 1991, pg.119 ) . The of import point here is that the scholar negotiates the job intellectually, and the more complex it is, or the more phases it involves, the more hard it is for pupils to make so successfully. In other words, no affair what written or calculator operations are required, the scholar will first effort to set the assorted elements of the job together into some sort of logical sequence in order to visualize the eventual end product, i.e. the reply. As an illustration of this, reckoner based oppugning allows t he usage of digital reckoners in job resolution and in scrutiny contexts relieves the scholar of set abouting the needed operations. However, ab initio they must evidently find what those operations should be. There are plentifulness of cases where the scholar ‘s consideration of the job has proved inaccurate and has been misunderstood, taking to incorrect replies, even obtained on a reckoner as the incorrect operations were carried out. The overall point is that scholars think about jobs by visualizing footings like ‘add ‘ , ‘divide ‘ etc, in order to assist them make up one's mind on the right account. In semiotic footings, the direction is the mark, which in-turn symbolises the ‘signifier ‘ or significance. If the scholar ‘s lingual capablenesss are non sufficiently developed, even the absence of text can non truly assist them and they will happen it hard to even construe symbols.Spoken and Heard MathematicsSimilar sorts of jobs can go to the apprehension of spoken Mathematics inquiries or instructions, and, as Orton and Frobisher indicate, some schoolroom patterns may worsen this. They specifically suggest that scholars who have trouble in construing expressed constructs are often offered more pattern at written versions of them, efficaciously maneuvering them off into an epistemic tangent, which causes them to take the incorrect way in footings of the methods required. This is unbeneficial to scholars as more written illustrations can non needfully assist to work out the jobs built-in in aural or verbal Mathematics comprehension. There are different sorts of jobs involved, which need to be addressed in specific ways. As Orton and Frobisher explain, the act of jointing our ideas non merely offers a greater opportunity of pass oning our understanding to others, but ‘allows us to better understand what we are stating. ‘ ( Orton and Frobisher, 2002, pg.59 ) . The corollary to this is that scholar â⠂¬Ëœs require ample chance to talk about Mathematicss in a structured environment, something which an accent on pencil and paper methods, and end product orientated appraisal can deny them and can impact the acquisition of the topic. There are many benefits for talking about Mathematicss in the schoolroom, specifically so that pupils can pass on their ideas and thoughts which would give practicians an penetration into the thought procedures of pupils, accordingly assisting them to understand their pupils. Harmonizing to the research of Zack and Graves, positive results have been demonstrated where the pattern is encouraged ( Zack, V. and Graves, B. , 2001, pg.229 ) . In other words, the more scholars are allowed to talk about Mathematicss, the more chance they have to rectify their ain mistakes and reflect on their thought. The other dimension which needs to be considered here is that of the societal context. Learners have to develop the assurance to prosecute in schoolroom duologues with their equals and the instructor. Arguably, those pupils who experience the greatest troubles in spoken and heard Mathematicss will be the most reserved about making this. Consequently, it will be apparent for practicians themsel ves to quickly go cognizant of those scholars who are least likely to volunteer replies and become involved in job resolution activities and treatments. It is so their duty to back up the person in visualizing engagement as a mark, and invent the appropriate scheme. However, this job is evidently exacerbated when the implicit in issues are embedded in literacy instead numeracy comprehension. As primary practicians will be peculiarly cognizant, the literacy and numeracy course of study run parallel to each other, instead than meeting in a structural manner ; they have their ain developmental phases, and these do non take history of cross-curricular demands. In other words, a scholar who is holding troubles with mathematical text will non needfully happen any straight relevant support in their literacy work. This implies that the practician must maintain up-to-date in the context of numeracy instruction, whilst guaranting that the scholar is besides on path with their staged mathemati cal development.Staged Development in Literacy and NumeracyMeanings and values are non merely acquired through the course of study or in the schoolroom, and each person will hold a pre-formed aggregation of perceptual experiences, nevertheless, non all may be accurate. The sum of exposure and comprehension of Mathematical linguistic communication varies highly between scholars, depending upon their cultural, societal and household background, which causes differences in larning behavior. Despite these fluctuations, as Clarkson indicates, scholars need to be secure in the option uses which frequently surround indistinguishable operations ( Clarkson, 1991, pg.241 ) . This job may hold cultural beginnings for some groups of scholars, or as Orton and Frobisher point out, may stem from the fact that much Mathematical nomenclature has alternate significances in mundane linguistic communication, examples include ; ‘chord ‘ , ‘relation ‘ and ‘segment ‘ ( Orton and Frobisher, 2002, pg.55 ) . It is of import that the instructor understands whether the scholar has jobs with literacy or numeracy, or both. However, it can be hard for the practician to state whether mathematical or literacy jobs are forestalling scholars from come oning. As Clarkson points out, ‘reading and comprehension are two distinguishable abilities which must be mastered. ‘ ( Clarkson, 1991, pg.241 ) . There is surely no simple correlativity between ability in literacy or standard written/spoken English and accomplishment in Mathematics.Language CompetenceLanguage competence is an issue for pupils who speak English as a foreign linguistic communication, doing them to underperform in Mathematics. In order to read text books and understand verbal instructions, pupils must work within the linguistic communication of direction. Educational advancement is enhanced depending on whether a pupil ‘s first linguistic communication is that of their direction or non and this clearly affects those from lower societal backgrounds. Mathematicss has many words peculiar to the topic, for illustration, ‘integral, differentiate, matrix, volume and mass ‘ . This can be confounding for non-native English pupils, as they have to larn new significances in the context of Mathematics ( Zevenbergen, 2001, pg.15-16 ) . The same word can be interpreted in different ways by non-native pupils, doing misinterpretations which affects acquisition. For illustration, the word ‘times ‘ is by and large related to the clip on a clock, non to generation and the words ‘hole ‘ and ‘whole ‘ sound the same but have different significances, intending a whole figure in Mathematics ( Gates, 2002, pg. 44 ) . Practitioners may happen this deficiency of linguistic communication background can do a Mathematics category hard to learn. Conversely, accomplished immature mathematicians with hapless English accomplishments can entree the cosmopolitan linguistic communications of figure and operations with comparative easiness so the inquiry to be asked is ; what sort of Mathematicss jobs are at issue? Harmonizing to Pimm, logograph, pictograms, punctuation symbols and alphabetic symbols can ease extended, but non entire mathematical communicating ( Pimm, 1987, pg.180 ) . As Orton and Frobisher indicate, it is up to the practician to find the extent to which mathematical jobs need to be graduated for single scholars and it can non be assumed that their experiences and demands will be indistinguishable ( Orton and Frobisher, 2002, pg.54 ) . For illustration, understanding that the difference between two Numberss is something produced when one is subtracted from another may be hard to understand fo r scholars who have non encountered that manner of job before.Puting by abilityIn Mathematics, scene is used to group pupils harmonizing to their ability and pupils take tests depending on what set they are in, which determines the maximal class they can accomplish. This seems unjust for lower setted pupils, whose full potency may non hold been realised and who certainly deserve the opportunity to accomplish a higher class. Students with linguistic communication issues may work more easy or misconstrue inquiries and hence, be setted in a lower-level group, which is clearly unjust. Therefore, those kids with the linguistic communication competence and extra external aid are in favor of larning Mathematics more successfully. However, even these pupils struggle with certain nomenclature. Harmonizing to Watson, it is a affair of ‘social justness ‘ to learn Mathematicss to all kids as their accomplishment in the topic is judged throughout their life and participates in finding future chances. Grades achieved in Mathematics affect hereafter surveies and calling waies ; for illustration, to come in university, normally a lower limit of GCSE class C is required, and this demand varies depending on the class ( Watson, 2006 ) . Therefore, as a consequence of scene, ‘those in lower sets are less likely to be entered for higher grades ‘ ( Day, Sammons and Stobart, 2007, pg. 165 ) , accordingly harming their hereafter survey and occupation chances. Besides, some kids have an advanced appreciation of Mathematicss due to an advantaged background, parents ‘ aid or private tuition so puting is unjust as it is biased towards early developing kids or those who have been given excess aid outside of the schoolroom. In schools, the scene system is supposed to be strictly based on ability degree. However, in world, streaming could be decided upon for other grounds. For illustration, two countries of bias encountered can be societal category and cultural dimensions ( Capel and Leask, 2005, pg. 155 ) . Bartlett, Burton and Peim point out that frequently ‘lower category pupils were deemed to hold a lower rational ability than in-between category equals strictly due to unrelated societal issues such as speech pattern or parents ‘ occupations. ‘ ( Bartlett, Burton and Peim, 2002, pg. 182 ) Sukhnandan and Lee ( 1998 ) remark on the fact that lower-ability sets consist of high figure from low social-class backgrounds, cultural minorities, male childs and kids born in the summer, who are at a younger age for their school twelvemonth. Sukhnandan and Lee believe that puting in this manner causes ‘social divisions ‘ . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx? storycode=81217 ) . Therefore, it appears that linguistic communication competence is being used as a major factor in finding which set pupils are placed in and accordingly impacts accomplishment in Mathematics.DecisionIn decision, it may be argued that there is an ongoing demand to re-assess how scholars internalise the mathematical constructs conveyed in linguistic communication. Practitioners have acknowledged that semiologies, or the relationship between linguistic communication, symbolism and idea, impacts the manner in which learners interpret information. For illustration, as Pimm indicates, sing the construct of negative Numberss, ‘involves a metaphoric widening of the impression of figure itself†¦among mathematicians, the freshness becomes lost with clip, and with it the metaphoric content of the original penetration of utile extension. It becomes a platitude comment – the actual significance. ‘ ( Pimm, 1987, pg.107 ) . Although Mathematics tends to prosecute rationalist or absolute results, it involves much that is abstract ; measures, frequences, chances etc, are all events or values that occur independently of the demand to visualize them, or calculate and enter them. The demand to make so is normally derived from the demand to understand or command events which have happened in the yesteryear, are go oning now, or predict what will go on in the hereafter. As discussed, persons must fit their ain internal apprehension of a peculiar job with its catching value, either in linguistic communication, text, or Numberss, nevertheless, foremost they must do the appropriate nexus. As Lee indicates, there are distinguishable societal and communicative advantages when scholars are allowed to joint their apprehension of these constructs ( Lee, 2006, pg.4 ) . Furthermore, as Morgan observes, the disempowerment of persons who lack the necessary control over linguistic communication continues to do concern and registers the demand for farther research ( Morgan , 1998, pg.5 ) . One of the chief issues arguably lays in pulling the differentiation between lingual and conceptual troubles, and infering the relationship between the two. As De Corte and Verschaffel have argued, scholar ‘s mistakes in word jobs are frequently ‘remarkably systematic ‘ , ensuing from ‘misconceptions of the problem†¦due to an deficient command of the semantic strategies underlying the jobs. ‘ ( De Corte and Verschaffel, 1991, pg.129 ) . Therefore, farther research into the beginnings of such jobs and the agencies of turn toing them is required. As many practicians will cognize from experience, the worst scenario is ‘global ‘ failure of apprehension, where the scholar can non even articulate why they do non understand. In other words, they can non get down to work out the job because they have non understood the inquiry. In these instances, the instructor needs to pass clip with the person concerned, which is non ever easy or executable in a schoolroom scenario. It is of import to observe that ; the earlier jobs are diagnosed, and the appropriate support put in topographic point, the better it is. Unfortunately, there is no cosmopolitan solution which can be applied here ; it is merely good appraisal pattern, effectual planning and the sensitive framing of jobs which can bit by bit interrupt down the jobs involved. Having explored this country in-depth, linguistic communication competence does pose deductions in understanding Mathematicss, accordingly favoring certain societal groups. In my sentiment, practicians should on a regular basis supervise scholars to find whether the person is come oning or requires extra demands. Language competence is non a significant adequate ground for curtailing how high a pupil can accomplish and by utilizing this as a factor in scene is clearly unjust. Sets should be formed and amended on a regular basis, based upon pupil advancement and mathematical ability to guarantee there is no prejudice on societal background. More single support should be made available through an enlargement of the appropriate budgets, so that the necessary action is non compressed into normal lesson timetabling and pupils can have the maximal support possible of their demands, to heighten their sequence in Mathematics.

Annotated Bibliography The Biography.com Website

Annotated Bibliography Biography.com Editors. Abigail Adams Biography. The Biography.com Website. AE Networks Television, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2015. This source has credible authors. The fact that it has more than one authors makes it much more credible, considering that there is more credible information. This article has 5 main head titles. They go in this order; synopsis, early life, marriage to John Adams, political involvement and later life. They all give very important information and the main head titles are easy to find if you are trying to find something specific. I mainly used the political involvement and later life for my paper. These two paragraphs really helped me find out how she really got her start, and what happened later in her life. The only thing this source doesn’t do is be 100% specific on her contribution to the American Revolution, but it is mentioned. Abigail Adams. AmericanRevolution.org: Your Gateway to the American Revolution. The JDN Group, n.d. Web. 16 Nov. 2015. This source has okay authors cited, but isn’t really specific. This source is basically a big timeline. It isn’t in a timeline format, but the information starts from when she was younger, and her family, and goes all the way to her last stages in life. This article helped me identify was Abigail Adams did, and who she was. This article however, was a very wide stretch on her contribution to the American Revolution. Pavao, Janelle. Abigail Adams. The American Revolutionary War.Show MoreRelatedEven All Of It Come From Some Sort Of Experience That Happened1416 Words   |  6 PagesAllan Poe Is the author of my poem I have selected titled â€Å"the Raven†. An article titled â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe† from biography.com had a detailed background of Poe’s life. â€Å"Poe was born to a British actress and an actor from Baltimore In 1809. Poe never really knew his parents because his father left him when Poe was very young, and his mother died of tuberculosis when he was three†(biography.com). Poe lived In poverty for most of his life. Poe had many loves In his life, the first being Sarah Elmira Royster

Colorado Mesa University ACT Scores, Acceptance Rate

The Impact Sociological Theories Have on Religion Essay

The Impact Sociological Theories Have on Religion Sociological theories are usually constructed from ideas of early sociologist through scientific research in regards to developing a better understanding of how our social world operates. By gaining this type of knowledge, sociologist can better explain (to those who are interested) the social world that we have grown accustom to, as well as make predictions of how the social world will develop and function in the future. Three are three major categories that are classified under sociological theories: functionalist theory, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction theory. All three of these theories are known to have an impact on social institutions such as families, healthcare,†¦show more content†¦All of these religions, or religious practices, operate to form a guide line for survival within its culture, along with providing a source of elegance, and/or harmony. Even though guide lines are known as rules, or laws, it is s till the concept of religion that provides the human race with an idea of what and how we are supposed to adhere to life’s general purpose. It helps to provide people with a greater understanding of true values and morals. Religion also supports the stipulations of why people should not life their life or conduct themselves in a certain manner, but this too, is quality that varies per religion and per society. The conflict theory is a theory that places more focus of competition, inequality, and differences in one’s perspective that others may challenge to prove their view to be beneficial, as well as accurate. Conventional wisdom suggests that religious armed conflicts are more intractable that nonreligious conflicts (Svensson, 2007). Could it be that the expectations that leads to the conflict within religion are due to perceptions that nothing is equivalent to the values that each denomination holds. 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Strategic Management and Leadership Development and Change

Question: Describe about the Report for Strategic Management and Leadership for Development and Change. Answer: Assessing monitoring and measurement techniques of change management within an organization After conducting a change management within the organization, it is essential for the top authorities and managers to monitor the changes at workplace over the course of time. It helps in understanding the mentality of the employees, their problems, and benefits with the changes occurred in the organization[1]. Monitoring of employees also facilitates the top authorities in gaining knowledge regarding employees outlook, attitude and performance after the change management has occurred. It should be done while the change process is going on within the organization as it helps in identification of places where further modification is required[2]. Based on it, further amendments can be implemented to make this change management successful across the workplace. It helps in improving the satisfaction level of employees and managers and hence their working quality and quantity both gets improved[3]. While making changes within the organization, it is important to focus on the employees at the workplace. Apart from taking decisions regarding the overall benefit of the organization's productivity and an output; it is equally necessary to take certain steps to provide comfort to employees[4]. It is because if the employees are content and satisfied with changes at the workplace, they are motivated to work better, and retention rate of employees also gets improved. So, the focus is to be given to human resources of the organization as they are one of the vital components of the organization. The changes made should be pertained to employee satisfaction and motivation to retain them within organization[5]. Both qualitative and quantitative measures are applied for judging the performance of employees. It assists the researcher in analyzing employee performance, employee engagement, and employee satisfaction, working capacity, improvements in working attitude and behaviors across the workplace[6]. The overall productivity of the organization and the rate of retention of employees clearly depict the satisfaction rate of employees. The measures applied are graphs, presentations, surveys and vivid analysis of collected information and data[7]. These measures help in better understanding of the changes that occurred within the organization and the level of success these changes have achieved among the employees. It, therefore, helps in identification of the change aspects that needs more modification or should continue within the organization[8] Figure 1: Measuring Techniques of Change Management within organization[9] Analyzing strategies for minimizing adverse effects of change Change within an organization is bound to face certain resistances from the stakeholders; that strongly impacts on the overall organizational operations and productivity. It is important for an organization to adopt strategies for minimizing the adverse effects of change[10]. One of the strategies that can be adopted for minimizing the adverse effect of change is constant monitoring of the employees working. It should be done to see whether employees are content with the change or need any other modifications for better workplace structure or culture[11]. Another method of minimizing the adverse change effect within the organization is through proper and meaningful communication. It, therefore, helps in avoiding ay miscommunication between the employees and top authorities. Proper training sessions are to be conducted within the organization to reduce the fear of employees in facing something new and unknown[12]. It is seen that some of these strategies as mentioned above have worked well, and some of them need modification. The strategies those went well with the change management are constant observation, the involvement of stakeholders, communication, usage of social media and training sessions[13]. It, therefore, involved the problems and troubles that occurred within the organization to which, appropriate solutions are given. On the other hand, the strategies like the creation of small wins, centralized decision-making process and laid back attitude towards conflict resolution were not strong enough to cope up with the change management. It may be due to improper training sessions of employees and miscommunication of the changes[14]. Force Field Analysis is a common tool that helps in systematic analyzing of diverse factors in identifying barriers or resistances in change management. It is done for understanding the reasons behind stakeholders acceptance and rejection of the changes within the organization[15]. Emotional intelligence and self-awareness are used that helps in understanding the forces that drive or restrains employees from the workplace. It is a five stepped procedure that comprises of defining a problem, defining the change objectives, identification of driving factors, identification of the restraining factors and developing a complete change strategy[16]. These steps help the organization in identifying areas of the problem after change management has occurred within the organization. A complete analysis of these processes also helps in avoiding any conflicts at the workplace and doesnt hamper the success and productivity of the organization[17]. Figure 2: Force Field analysis to identify the resistance or barriers[18] Identification of processes for reviewing the impact of change When a change has occurred within an organization, it is obvious that it will have an impact on the overall business. This impact is to be analyzed for identifying and understanding several potential consequences of change, estimation of requirements for the change and its effectiveness[19]. A change in a business process is reviewed through resource allocation, its effectiveness its application as well as through its scheduling. So, every organization should be prepared for change impact in the organization. The process of reviewing the impact of the change in an organization is a five stage process. The steps are, therefore: preparing for impact analysis, brainstorm major affected areas, identification of all areas, evaluating impacts and managing the consequences[20]. In the 1st step that is preparing for impact analysis, it is necessary to gather an alright team with correct access to information. The purpose and provided solution should be clearly defined as well as people involved in this change also need to be well-informed[21]. In the 2nd step that is brainstorming the major affected areas, the organization needs to think of the impact that change management may cause to the different departments. The 3rd step of the process is the identification of all areas those impacted by the change should be done. It, therefore, helps in mapping out the several business processes of operation as well as any modifications required to it[22]. The 4th step of the process is the evaluation of impacts on several stakeholders and businesses processes. This evaluation helps in enlisting the entire positive as well as negative impacts on organizational decisions along with its consequences. The 5th step of this process is the management of consequences as a par t of decision-making process. Several actions are to be taken that helps in managing and mitigating the consequences[23]. Figure 3: Process of reviewing the impact of change[24] After the change management has occurred, it is necessary to ensure that all departments of the organization are working well and are in harmony. McKinseys 7-S framework involves seven interdependent factors that help in improving organizational performance as well as the implementation of proposed strategy[25]. The strategy helps in maintaining as well as building competitive advantages over the competition. The structure should be well-defined to avoid confusion of the employees while reporting. The systems also include the daily activities as well as procedures for engaging the staff members[26]. In the share values, the organization's core values are shared by corporate ethics and culture. In the style and staff section, the leadership style, as well as general capabilities of the employees, are measured respectively after the change management process. The last section is skilled where actual competencies and abilities of employees are measured[27]. Figure 4: McKinseys 7-S framework[28] Analyzing results of the review In recent times, it is seen that change management is mainly focused towards organizational issues such as leadership, culture and motivation. These elements are the essential factors of an organizations success[29]. So, reviewing the results after change management has occurred within the organization is important. The review of several changes occurred within the organization signifies the levels of improvement of motivation and culture within the workplace. The hard factors like timely achievement, revenue growth, reduced cost and increased inquiries are measured through analysis of information and data[30]. The soft measures like motivation, behaviors and morale of employees and managers are measured through surveys, forums and feedback. While reviewing the hard measures like a timely achievement, it is to be seen that whether the organization has improved in is productivity as well as timely delivery of its products and services[31]. The revenue growth is measured through viewing the timely graph of its output and profit margin the organization sees after the change management. Both the graphs about before change and after the change are compared for analyzing the results. Moreover, the increased inquiries that are measured through analysis of data also shows the level of involvement of employees regarding their work[32]. It helps in estimating their level of motivation and involvement in organization growth after change management has occurred. The reduced cost also shows the maximum and effective utilization of resources. It means the resources are well allocated and is efficiently used by employees for maximum productivity[33]. On the other hand, the motivation of the employees is measured through periodic surveys and through taking feedback. It helps in understanding the employees outlook and mentality towards change management and their level of embracing it for business success[34]. The morale of the employees is also important to measure as it signifies the level of ethics, rules and regulations of employees and their adherence towards maintaining organizational culture. The behavior of the employees also needs to be measured as it helps in understanding the employees embracement towards changing behavior and culture within organization[35]. The higher satisfaction level of employees and managers clearly denotes the employees high level of encouragement and satisfaction with the organizational change management. Findings of the impact review The findings of the impact review are clearly depicted through discussion, Webinar, reporting and presentation. After the change has taken place in an organization, review of these changes is done periodically to analyze the effectiveness and demerits of the changes. It is done to provide solutions to the problems occurred during the change management[36]. Through discussion, the employees, managers, workers and top officials understand the purpose of change management and the aspects those are undergoing changes within the organization. It is an open method of communication that satisfies employees for involving them in the change. Moreover, the findings of the impacts of change management can also be done through webinars. It helps in providing new insights into the development as well as also encourages innovative ideas and framework regarding the better impact of the change[37]. It also signifies the principle behind the change and discusses the positive implementation of it in t he workplace. It also ensures that both senders and receivers have a clear understanding of the change and the communication between the two should be same without any modification. In addition to this, reporting is another method of understanding the impact of change management within the organizations. It, therefore, engages the employees and managers to adhere to the changes occurred within the organization. Any problems regarding the change management should be reported to the top authorities so that they can analyze the problems and take appropriate solutions to solve them[38]. Even more, the reporting can also be done if any of the changes is found appropriate and is easily embraced by the employees and managers; so that further modification can be done to it. Another method is providing a presentation to the employees and managers regarding the changes occurred in the organization. The graphs and diagrams are shown at the workplace regarding the troubles and positive vibes the employees have faced after the change management. It, therefore, helps in finding out certain opportunities as well as strategies for betterment and modification of the changes take n place in the organization. Through these findings, problems faced by the employees are discussed with appropriate solutions to these. It, therefore, makes the change management successful within the organization[39]. Moreover, it also reduces mistrust and disbelief of employees on the top management. Figure 5: Methods of finding impacts of change management within organizations[40] References Berlinger, L.R. and Sitkin, S.B., 2015. Paradox And Transformation-Toward A Theory Of Change In Organization And Management-Quinn, Re, Cameron, Ks. Burke, W.W., 2013. Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Cameron, E., and Green, M., 2015. Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Chang, J.F., 2016. Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. Creasey, T., Jamieson, D.W., Rothwell, W.J. and Severini, G., 2016. Exploring the relationship between organization development and change management. Practicing Organization Development: Leading Transformation and Change, Fourth Edition, pp.330-337. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014. Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Davenport, T.H., 2013. Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. Doherty, B., Haugh, H. and Lyon, F., 2014. Social enterprises as hybrid organizations: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 16(4), pp.417-436. Frankland, R., Mitchell, C.M., Ferguson, J.D., Sziklai, A.T., Verma, A.K., Popowski, J.E. and Sturgeon, D.H., Applications In Internet Time, Llc, 2013.Integrated change management unit. U.S. Patent 8,484,111. Free, C., Phillips, G., Galli, L., Watson, L., Felix, L., Edwards, P., Patel, V. and Haines, A., 2013. The effectiveness of mobile-health technology-based health behavior change or disease management interventions for health care consumers: a systematic review. PLoS med, 10(1), p.e1001362. Fullan, M., 2014. Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons. Galvin, B.M., Lange, D. and Ashforth, B.E., 2015. Narcissistic organizational identification: Seeing oneself as central to the organization's identity.Academy of Management Review, 40(2), pp.163-181. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Harmon, P., 2014. Business process change. Morgan Kaufmann. Hayes, J., 2014. The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. He, H. and Brown, A.D., 2013. Organizational identity and organizational identification A review of the literature and suggestions for future research.Group Organization Helfat, C.E. and Peteraf, M.A., 2015. Managerial cognitive capabilities and the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 36(6), pp.831-850. Jones, D.J. and Recardo, R.J., 2013. Leading and Implementing Business Change Management: Making Change Stick in the Contemporary Organization: Making Change Stick in the Contemporary Organization. Routledge. Kerzner, H.R., 2013. Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kondalkar, V.G., 2013. Organization effectiveness and change management. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Langley, A., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H. and Van de Ven, A.H., 2013. Process studies of change in organization and management: unveiling temporality, activity, and flow. Academy of Management Journal, 56(1), pp.1-13. Mostafavi, S., 2016. Study Effectiveness of Change Management in Government Organization (Case Study of Iran Telecommunication Company). International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS) ISSN 2356-5926, 3(1), pp.1954-1965. Paulsen, N., Callan, V.J., Ayoko, O. and Saunders, D., 2013. Transformational leadership and innovation in an RD organization experiencing major change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 26(3), pp.595-610. Pierce, J.R. and Aguinis, H., 2013. The too-much-of-a-good-thing effect in management. Journal of Management, 39(2), pp.313-338. Pyzdek, T. and Keller, P.A., 2014. The six sigma handbook (p. 25). McGraw-Hill Education. Rafferty, A.E., Jimmieson, N.L. and Armenakis, A.A., 2013. Change readiness a multilevel review. Journal of Management, 39(1), pp.110-135. Rei, M., 2012. Change Management: A Balanced and Blended Approach. BoDBooks on Demand. Rice, A.K., 2013. Productivity and social organization: The Ahmedabad experiment: Technical innovation, work organization and management. Routledge. Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. In Handbook on Business Process Management 1 (pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Rosenbaum, D., More, E. and Steane, P., 2016. A longitudinal qualitative case study of change in nonprofits: Suggesting a new approach to the management of change. Journal of Management Organization, pp.1-18. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015. Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Rummler, G.A. and Brache, A.P., 2012. Improving performance: How to manage the white space on the organization chart. John Wiley Sons. Rushton, A., Croucher, P. and Baker, P., 2014. The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Samuel, K., 2013. The Effects Of Change Management in An Organization: A Case Study of National University of Rwanda (Nur). Wyno Journal of Management Business Studies, 1(1), pp.1-18. Schalock, R.L., Lee, T., Verdugo, M., Swart, K., Claes, C., van Loon, J. and Lee, C.S., 2014. An evidence-based approach to organization evaluation and change in human service organizations evaluation and program planning.Evaluation and program planning, 45, pp.110-118. Senge, P.M., 2014. The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in a learning organization. Crown Business. Speelman, E.N., Groot, J.C., Garca-Barrios, L.E., Kok, K., van Keulen, H. and Tittonell, P., 2014. From coping to adaptation to economic and institutional changetrajectories of change in land-use management and social organization in a Biosphere Reserve community, Mexico. Land Use Policy, 41, pp.31-44. Starbuck, W.H. and Hedberg, B., 2015. How organizations learn from success and failure. Available at SSRN 2708267. Turner, N., Swart, J. and Maylor, H., 2013. Mechanisms for managing ambidexterity: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(3), pp.317-332. Van der Voet, J., 2014. The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure. European Management Journal, 32(3), pp.373-382. [1] Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. [2] Senge, P.M., 2014.The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in a learning organization. Crown Business. [3] Cameron, E., and Green, M., 2015. Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. [4] Langley, A., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H. and Van de Ven, A.H., 2013. Process studies of change in organization and management: unveiling temporality, activity, and flow.Academy of Management Journal,56(1), pp.1-13. [5] Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. [6] Creasey, T., Jamieson, D.W., Rothwell, W.J. and Severini, G., 2016. Exploring the relationship between organization development and change management.Practicing Organization Development: Leading Transformation and Change, Fourth Edition, pp.330-337. [7] Van der Voet, J., 2014. The effectiveness and specificity of change management in a public organization: Transformational leadership and a bureaucratic organizational structure.European Management Journal,32(3), pp.373-382. [8] Hayes, J., 2014.The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. [9] Burke, W.W., 2013.Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. [10] Speelman, E.N., Groot, J.C., Garca-Barrios, L.E., Kok, K., van Keulen, H. and Tittonell, P., 2014. From coping to adaptation to economic and institutional changetrajectories of change in land-use management and social organization in a Biosphere Reserve community, Mexico.Land Use Policy,41, pp.31-44. [11] Kondalkar, V.G., 2013.Organization effectiveness and change management. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. [12] Frankland, R., Mitchell, C.M., Ferguson, J.D., Sziklai, A.T., Verma, A.K., Popowski, J.E. and Sturgeon, D.H., Applications In Internet Time, Llc, 2013.Integrated change management unit. U.S. Patent 8,484,111. [13] Berlinger, L.R. and Sitkin, S.B., 2015. Paradox And Transformation-Toward A Theory Of Change In Organization And Management-Quinn, Re, Cameron, Ks. [14] Samuel, K., 2013. The Effects Of Change Management in An Organization: A Case Study of National University of Rwanda (Nur).Wyno Journal of Management Business Studies,1(1), pp.1-18. [15] Rosenbaum, D., More, E. and Steane, P., 2016. A longitudinal qualitative case study of change in nonprofits: Suggesting a new approach to the management of change.Journal of Management Organization, pp.1-18. [16] Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. [17] Jones, D.J. and Recardo, R.J., 2013.Leading and Implementing Business Change Management: Making Change Stick in the Contemporary Organization: Making Change Stick in the Contemporary Organization. Routledge. [18] Mostafavi, S., 2016. Study Effectiveness of Change Management in Government Organization (Case Study of Iran Telecommunication Company).International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ ISSN 2356-5926,3(1), pp.1954-1965. [19] Rei, M., 2012.Change Management: A Balanced and Blended Approach. BoDBooks on Demand. [20] Paulsen, N., Callan, V.J., Ayoko, O. and Saunders, D., 2013. Transformational leadership and innovation in an RD organization experiencing major change.Journal of Organizational Change Management,26(3), pp.595-610. [21] Schalock, R.L., Lee, T., Verdugo, M., Swart, K., Claes, C., van Loon, J. and Lee, C.S., 2014. An evidence-based approach to organization evaluation and change in human service organizations evaluation and program planning.Evaluation and program planning,45, pp.110-118. [22] Fullan, M., 2014.Leading in a culture of change personal action guide and workbook. John Wiley Sons. [23] Rice, A.K., 2013.Productivity and social organization: The Ahmedabad experiment: Technical innovation, work organization and management. Routledge. [24] Rosemann, M. and vom Brocke, J., 2015. The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on Business Process Management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. [25] Rafferty, A.E., Jimmieson, N.L. and Armenakis, A.A., 2013. Change readiness a multilevel review.Journal of Management,39(1), pp.110-135. [26] Davenport, T.H., 2013.Process innovation: reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business Press. [27] He, H. and Brown, A.D., 2013. Organizational identity and organizational identification A review of the literature and suggestions for future research.Group Organization Management,38(1), pp.3-35. [28] Free, C., Phillips, G., Galli, L., Watson, L., Felix, L., Edwards, P., Patel, V. and Haines, A., 2013. The effectiveness of mobile-health technology-based health behavior change or disease management interventions for health care consumers: a systematic review. PLoS med,10(1), p.e1001362. [29] Harmon, P., 2014.Business process change. Morgan Kaufmann. [30] Chang, J.F., 2016.Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press. [31] Helfat, C.E. and Peteraf, M.A., 2015. Managerial cognitive capabilities and the microfoundations of dynamic capabilities.Strategic Management Journal,36(6), pp.831-850. [32] Pierce, J.R. and Aguinis, H., 2013. The too-much-of-a-good-thing effect in management.Journal of Management,39(2), pp.313-338. [33] Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. [34] Turner, N., Swart, J. and Maylor, H., 2013. Mechanisms for managing ambidexterity: A review and research agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,15(3), pp.317-332. [35] Doherty, B., Haugh, H. and Lyon, F., 2014. Social enterprises as hybrid organizations: A review and research agenda.International Journal of Management Reviews,16(4), pp.417-436. [36] Rummler, G.A. and Brache, A.P., 2012.Improving performance: How to manage the white space on the organization chart. John Wiley Sons. [37] Pyzdek, T. and Keller, P.A., 2014.The six sigma handbook(p. 25). McGraw-Hill Education. [38] Rushton, A., Croucher, P. and Baker, P., 2014.The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. [39] Galvin, B.M., Lange, D. and Ashforth, B.E., 2015. Narcissistic organizational identification: Seeing oneself as central to the organization's identity.Academy of Management Review,40(2), pp.163-181. [40] Starbuck, W.H. and Hedberg, B., 2015. How organizations learn from success and failure.Available at SSRN 2708267.

Malinowskis Participant-Observation in Modern Anthropology free essay sample

Where does Malinowskis conceptualization of participant-observation sit in the landscape of modern anthropological fieldwork? A primary objective of the modern ethnographer is to glean insights into the ways people relate to and interact with one another and the world around them. Through participant-observation, Malinowski (1922) offered a valuable tool with which to uncover these insights and understandings, the ethnographer. The ethnographer as research tool has become the basis of much modern anthropological research. As a method, it was a radical departure from the typical approach to fieldwork used in Malinowskis time which nvolved techniques that kept the ethnographer distanced and distinct from those they studied (McGee Warms, 2008). In his conceptualization of participant- observation, Malinowski identified three primary objectives for the fieldworker. First, to record the feel and flow of daily life as a member of the community; second, to create a framework of community organization based on a scientific perspective; and third, to collect detailed personal information particular to the community of study (Malinowski, 1922). We will write a custom essay sample on Malinowskis Participant-Observation in Modern Anthropology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These goals and methodologies remain principal to the design and analysis of modern anthropological research. However, they also raise a number of questions about the practical, paradigmatic and ethical difficulties associated with anthropological fieldwork. Discussed below are the goals identified by Malinowski, some of the issues they raise, and how they have come to be interpreted within modern anthropological practice. The premise of participant-observation draws the researcher inside the daily life of those they study, with the many small experiences, interactions, intimacies and resulting integration providing an entr ©e into cultural life not afforded the lone observer or outsider. Malinowski took great pains to ensure hat he eventually came to feel part of the tribe, an insider, Joining in himself in what is going on rather than simply recording the proceedings (Malinowski, 1922, p. 21). Achieving insider, as opposed to outsider, status within a community of study is a primary goal for many anthropologists in the field. However, the concept of a dichotomous insider/outsider positionality is a complex issue that is coming under increasing scrutiny within the field (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006). Malinowskis (1922) methodology of ethnographer as tool is based in two contradictory imperatives, each centered on location. First, the researcher must locate themselves intimately within the group under study in order to gain a complete and fleshed out account of community life and second, that it is not possible, when located within and as a member of a group, to have the necessary perspective to interpret community life (Malinowski, 1922). Claire Sterk (1996) challenges the ethnographer as insider viewpoint through her work with prostitutes in New York and New Jersey. Sterks own realization of her ability to extricate herself from the community and rejoin her own World, a world of safety and stability confirmed her status as outsider Sterk, 1996, p. 92). Nancy Kalow (1996) supports Malinowskis assertion of the importance of distance when analysing data. She reports her research experience something she only identified once she stepped outside of the role of participant- observer and became an observer of her data. This raises the issue of transition from participant-observer to observer/interpreter. By positioning oneself as interpreter or analyst, the researcher creates an academic distance from those they observe, voiding their participant status. Susan Krieger (1996) extends this argument hrough her experience as a functioning member of the community under study. Krieger found her membership identification did not automatically afford her insight into the group and, through her efforts to interpret data, she came to realize that she had become estranged from her participants and her study. It was only through a process of reengagement that she was able to again locate herself within the group and successfully analyze her data, a process at odds with Malinowskis second imperative (Krieger, 1996, p 183). Thus, Malinowskis ethnographer as tool is still a guiding principle of anthropological fieldwork. However, the location and position of this tool with relation to the community under study has evolved from Malinowskis limited perception of its scope. To simply be positioned right among the natives (Malinowski, 1922, p. 6) does not automatically provide the ethnographer with an insiders view. It is this realization that has shaped and is still shaping the way fieldwork in modern anthropology is approached. The focus of anthropology can also been seen to have evolved in terms of the premises upon which Malinowski based his anticipated outcomes of research when compared to those of modern ethnographers. The primary purpose of anthropological research identified by Malinowski was that of understanding tribal life objectively and scientifically, in terms of systems of social machinery and presenting this for consumption to a Western audience (Malinowski, 1922, p. 109; McGee Warms, 2008). This raises two issues apparent in modern anthropology. First, the relevance, usefulness and problematic nature of a purely objective paradigm within anthropology; and second, the motivations underlying anthropological research and fieldwork. Striving for the scientific view of things, a central tenet of Malinowskis (1922, p. ) anthropology, has been challenged by modern anthropologists. The challenge raises two primary questions. First, is it possible or useful within such a personal contextual field as anthropology to discount subjectivity as an authentic mode of analysis. Krieger (1996) identifies this as a problem inherent in the writing of social science and argues that through ethnography we are not writing about the other but, in fact, writing about the self. She also touches on the second question, from where have our acceptable scientific/ob]ective truths originated? The objective paradigm underlying ocial science denies self-expression, narrowing the scope of understanding to that ofa predominately male, middle-class, Western, academic one. This point appears to lie outside the realm of Malinowskis consideration and is indicative of his socio- historical epoch. The purpose of research for Malinowski (1922, p. 25) was to shed light on our own (Western) mentality, informing Western science and academia. While modern anthropology still endeavours to uncover systems and social structures it does so from the standpoint of advancement or empowerment of those communities it studies, not to exclusively inform Western science (Kirby, Greaves, Reid, 2006). For example, Annette Lareaus (1996) study seeks to reveal patterns of an intention to inform educational policy and effect change within schooling systems. Similarly, Sterks (1996) study of prostitutes examines the relationship between prostitution, drugs use and AIDS, searching for cross-cultural patterns in order to address the HIV/AIDS crisis. In this way, anthropology is still approached from a scientific paradigmatic orientation. However, what drives the research has changed. Considering the needs of the community, and how a study is designed to identify and ddress those needs, has become a powerful impetus for anthropological research. Thus, while modern anthropology shares a similar scientific goal with Malinowski, the goalposts have shifted. The question of who benefits from anthropological study has become an important consideration for any modern anthropological researcher (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006). This leads the discussion to the issue of ethics. Malinowskis (1922, p. 24) third goal involves collection of ethnographic statements to be used as documents of native mentality. These documents consist of information that is personal and belonging to those of whom he is studying. At no time during Malinowskis description of ethnographic methodology does he address the ethical issues of participant consent, or to what extent his role as researcher will affect the community he is studying. These are all areas of central importance and concern for the modern anthropologist (Kirby, Greaves Reid, 2006). Before undertaking any anthropological study, it is standard modern practice to obtain consent from those that are being studied. In her study involving school children, parents, teachers and administrators, Lareau (1996) describes in detail the difficulties nherent in this process, but also recognizes that it is a necessary component of fieldwork. The extensive trail of consent outlined by Lareau (1996) raises questions identified by Philippe Bourgois (1991) that are yet to be answered how far back does the line of consent extend? And how does consent, with regards to participant- observation, colour the relationship between observer and observed? These questions are closely related to the role of researcher and their effects on the community which are highlighted by Sterk (1996), who describes grappling with how involved she is willing to become with her participants and how involved her articipants have already become with her. One ethical dilemma identified by Sterk (1996) is that of her role as researcher and what responsibility that carries in terms of intervention. Sterk (1996) cites the dilemma of if and how to intervene when participants who are known to be sharing hypodermic needles are also HIV positive. She cannot address this ethical dilemma other than to retreat to the role of outsider, researcher, ethnographer. This problem is explored by Nancy Scheper-Hughes (1995). Through her work in the field, she raises important questions about the ethnographers role within the community. She argues that one must be willing to contribute and give back to the community, not from the perspective of what the anthropologist identifies as the needs of the community, but what the community itself identifies. These ethical questions and difficulties do not lie within the scope of Malinowskis consideration and highlight the progressive nature of ethnography as a mode of cultural and social (human) analysis. Participant-observation, as Malinowski (1922) conceptualized it, was a process through which the ethnographer entrenched themselves in the daily life and living of the community under study. To grasp the (1922, p. 23) used to summarise this approach to anthropological research. This ideology has shaped modern ethnography more than almost any other influencing factor to date and provides the framework for modern ethnography. However, Malinowskis vision is one that is situated within the colonial, ethnocentric and localized milieu of his time. Anthropology and the world as we know it today has, in many ways, moved on from a perspective that privileges a solely Western view. It now seeks a richer insight into the ways of others by situating the self as other, outsider, intruder, subject. The difficulty of becoming a true insider looms large for ny ethnographer in the field, even when the field is situated within ones own community. The scope of expected outcomes of anthropological research and ethnography has changed considerably since Malinowskis (1922) study of Trobriand Islanders. The purpose of his study can be seen as solely to inform Western culture, not as a way of informing or effecting change for those of whom he studied. Today, participant-observation and ethnography are increasingly becoming based on understanding and knowledge relating to effecting positive change within the community of study. Through ethnography the anthropologist, community and wider ocio-political powers become informed in ways that are designed to benefit those they study. Finally, an area that reveals itself through its omission from Malinowskis work is the ethical issue of subject participation in ethnographic research. The concern of ethical fieldwork has become of paramount importance within anthropological research and has serious ramifications in terms of subject consent and the changing role of researcher within the field. In conclusion, Malinowski was a man who, in many ways, was ahead of his time. His contribution to ethnographic method in anthropological research is arguably the most important thus far. However, as peoples understanding and expectation of social science and cultural difference expands, the way in which participant-observation is interpreted also expands and evolves into something that Malinowski may have found difficult to conceive. Malinowski provided a solid framework upon which todays anthropologists can weave a new interpretation to address an ever changing world of humanity. References Bourgois, P. (1991). Confronting the Ethics of Ethnography: Lessons from fieldwork in Central America. In F. Harrison (Ed. ), Decolonizing Anthropology: Moving further toward an anthropology of liberation.